Countable and uncountable nouns with some/any/a/an  Use of some/any in positive, negative, affirmative sentences with countable and uncountable nouns  Types of sentences Countable Uncountable + (Positive) I need an orange. I need  some oranges. I need some sugar. - (Negative) I don’t need an  apple. I don’t need  any  apples. I don’t need any  flour. ? (Questions) Do you need a  pear? Do you need  any  pears? Do you need any  butter? 1.1 Nouns in English can be countable and

Possessive case Rules and examples  ‘s with singular (person or other living being) This is Sarah ’s  bag. ‘ with plural nouns s’ with irregular plural  The students '  books are on the desk. men ’s  clothes ‘of’ with inanimate objects The cover of the book is torn. to ask about the possession Whose …..? Whose bag is over there? Whose book is it? 1.1 Use 's after a singular noun or s' after a plural noun to show possession, especially when the possessor is a person, animal, o

Regular and irregular plurals Nouns can be regular and irregular depending on how plurals are formed Regular plurals Singular Plural Spelling a book a boy a plate book s boy s plate s + s a fox a bench fox es bench es + es (after s, x, sh, ch) a dictionary a story dictionar ies stor ies consonant+y: y + ies 1.1 Add -s, -es, or -ies to make plural nouns. Examples It’s a book . They are books . It’s a dictionary . They are dictionaries . With two-word nouns add -s (or -es, ies)

Would like / would love to  Positive and negative sentences  Forms + (Positive) I’d like (would like) to  I’d love ( would love) to have a drink - (Negative) I wouldn’t like to go  home alone. Yes/No questions ? (Questions) Would you like to have  a drink? + (Positive) Yes , I would , - (Negative) No , I wouldn’t . Wh-questions What would you like to drink? When  would you like to meet? Where  would you like to go? 1.1 Use «would like/would love» + to (or a noun) to say what

Different types of imperative sentences  Positive and negative imperative sentences Positive Negative Speak  slowly! Don’t speak  slowly! Write  your name. Don’t write  your name. Turn  left at the corner! Don’t turn  left at the corner! Turn on  the light, please. Don’t turn on  the light, please. Open  the window, please. Don’t open  the window, please. 1.1 Use imperatives in instructions, orders or advice. Examples Turn on  the computer, open the document, and type your na

1.1 Use «like» with sensory verbs (such as «look», «sound», «feel», «taste», «smell») to compare something to another thing, showing that they are similar in some way. Examples This cake tastes like  chocolate. The fabric feels like  silk. The music sounds like  a lullaby. He looks like  his father. Her perfume smells like  roses. 1.2 Use «seem» or «appear» with complement clauses to express impressions about a situation. The patterns:  It + seems/appears + like + clause It +

1.1 The Infinitive is a base form of a verb often used with «to». It can be positive ( to go, to work ) or negative ( not to go, not to work ). 1.2 Use the Infinitive after some verbs: want, need, would like, learn, offer, plan, decide, forget, etc . Examples She wants to visit  Paris next year. You need to practise  more if you want to improve. He decided  not to   change  his job. She plans  to   open  a new business. 1.3 Use the Infinitive after adjectives. Examples She wa

1.1 Use «will»   as a modal verb to give strong orders or instructions. Examples You will do  as you are told. They will wait  until they are called. You will follow  the rules at all times. 1.2 Use «shall»   as a modal verb in formal English to indicate intentions or promises. Examples I shall do  my best to help you. We shall ensure  that everything is ready on time. I shall never forget  this experience.

Modal verb «should» Use of « should » in positive and negative sentences and questions  Types of sentences Present + (Positive) I/She/We/You should  eat more vegetables. - (Negative) I/She/We/You shouldn’t  eat more vegetables. ? (Questions) Should I/she/we/you eat more vegetables? 1.1 Use «should/shouldn’t» to offer or ask for advice or suggestion. Examples I  should  consult the doctor. He shouldn’t  drink so much coffee. Where should  we go? We often use « I don’t think yo

1.1 Use «would rather» + base verb to express a preference for one action or situation over another. Use «would rather not» + base verb to express a preference to avoid something Examples I would rather   go to the park than stay indoors. I would rather order  takeout than cook tonight. She would rather not watch  that movie again. 1.2 Use «had better (not)» + base verb to give strong advice or warnings. Examples You had better finish  your homework before the deadline. We ha

Use of modal verbs «can» and «could»  Modal verbs «can» and «could» in positive and negative sentences, questions and short answers  Types of sentences Present Past + (Positive) I/You/She  can sing. We/You/They  can  sing I/You/She could sing. We/You/They  could sing - (Negative) I/You/She can’t (cannot) sing. We/You/They  can’t (cannot) sing I/You/She couldn’t sing. We/You/They  couldn’t sing. ? (Questions) Can You/I/She sing? Can We/You//They sing? Could You/I/She sing? Cou

List of most common irregular verbs Verb Past Simple Past Participle be was/were been become became become begin began begun break broke broken blow blew blown bring brought brought build built built buy bought bought catch caught caught choose chose chosen come came come cost cost cost cut cut cut do did done draw drew drawn drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found fly flew flown forg

1.1 The Gerund is a base form of the verb  +ing  ( going, working, sleeping ). It can also be negative ( not going, not working, not sleeping ). Spelling rules Base form Gerund Rules cook try play cooking trying playing add - ing live living cut the final -e and add -ing run running if the verb has a consonant-vowel-consonant, double the final consonant 1.2 Use the Gerund after some verbs: love , like, hate, enjoy etc . Examples She loves swimming  in the ocean. We like watch

1.1 Some verbs can be followed by the Gerund or the Infinitive with no difference in meaning:  attempt, begin, bother, can’t bear, can’t stand, cease, continue, deserve, fear, hate, intend, like=(enjoy), love, prefer, start .  Examples I can’t stand to hear/hearing  loud noise.  He started to write/writing  his new novel. 1.2 Some verbs can be followed by the Gerund or the Infinitive, but there is a difference in meaning. Changes in meaning. Verb Gerund Infinitive remember /

1.1 Use «must» to express a strong assumption when you’re sure something is true. Use «can’t» to express a strong assumption when you’re sure something is not true. Examples She must   be very tired after working all night. (You're sure she is tired.) He can't   be  over 30; he looks too young.  (You're sure he is not over 30.  NOT  He mustn’t be over 30.) You haven’t eaten all day. You must   be  hungry.  You’ve just had lunch. You can’t   be  hungry.  ( NOT You mustn’t be h

1.1 In parallel structures, repeated words or phrases can be omitted to avoid redundancy when their meaning is clear from the context. It is called ellipsis. Examples My parents expected me to go to college, but I didn’t want to. = (I didn’t want to go to college .) We need money for the flight and to pay for the hotel . = (We need money  for the flight and money  to pay for the hotel.) They walked into the room and then out again.  = (They walked into the room  and then out

1.1 Use «get + person + to + base verb» or «make + person + base verb» to describe causing someone to do something. Examples She got him to help  with the project.  (persuasion) They made her apologise  for her mistake.  BUT She was made to   apologise  for her mistake. We got them to agree  to the new terms. 1.2 Use «get/have + object + past participle» to describe having something done by someone else. Examples I’m getting my hair cut  tomorrow. He had his car repaired  las

Examples large-scale  high-quality well-paid Forming compound nouns noun + noun headache bathroom cash card adjective + noun highway real estate mobile phone noun + verb form windsurfing screwdriver  verb + noun cookbook swimsuit preposition/adverb + verb/noun overview income  verb + preposition/adverb makeup feedback 1.2 Compound nouns are formed in different ways. The first word is usually singular, the stress usually falls on the first part. Examples German teacher  booksh

1.1 Use I wish/If only  +  Past Simple  to talk about the things we would like to be different in the present or the future, but which are impossible or unlikely. Use I wish/If only + Past Perfect  to talk about things that happened or didn’t happen in the past and that we now regret. Examples I wish  she were a bit more generous!  If only  the weather were  sunny, we could go for a walk!  If only  I had studied  harder!  I wish  I hadn’t gone  there alone!  1.2 Use as if/as

1.1 Use the 2nd conditional for things that are imaginary in the present or future or for future actions that are unlikely, but possible. Use the form  if + Past Simple + would  for the 2nd conditional.  Examples If  I had  time, I would travel  the world. She would buy  a new car if she earned more.  If we lived near the beach, we would go  swimming every day. 1.2 You can use could or might instead of would .  Examples If I had more money, I could/might get  a new phone. 1.3

1.1 Use zero Conditional for things that are always true or when one thing is a result of another. In zero conditionals, use the present tense in both parts of the sentence.  Examples If you press the button, the light turns on . If you win the game, you get the prize.  1.2 Use the 1st conditional to talk about the future outcome of another action (when you describe realistic results in the future). Use if + present tense  in the condition, and will + base form  in the result

«Be going to» (positive, negative, questions) Forms I He / She / It We / They / You + I’m(=am) going to meet her at the airport. He’s(=is) going to give a talk at a forum. They’re(=are) going to have a party next week. - I’m not going to meet her at the airport. He isn’t going to give a talk at a forum. They aren’t going to have a party next week. yes/no? Am  I going to meet her at the airport? Is he going to give a talk at a forum? Are they going   to have a party next week?

1.1 Use «both» before two nouns to include both people, things, or ideas. Examples Both  John and  Sarah are coming to the party. She likes both  cats and  dogs. 1.2 Use «both of» before noun phrases, often followed by «the», «these», «those» or possessive pronouns. Examples Both of the  students passed the exam. Both of my  parents are teachers. I want to see both of those  movies. I know both of them . 1.1 Use «another» to refer to one more of something. Use «the other» to

Articles with geographical names   Rules and examples of using articles with geographical names  Geographical locations Rules Examples Oceans and seas use « the » before the names of oceans and seas. They sailed across the Pacific Ocean . We had a vacation by  the Mediterranean Sea . Rivers use « the » before the names of rivers The   Nile  flows through Egypt. Paris is located on  the Seine . Mountain ranges use « the » before the names of mountain ranges. They went hiking i